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| The word táku is used in interrogative sentences as “stand” verb. Examples: |
More too táku:
If táku “something” means, then it is used in a material sentence. [...]
A characteristic is with the question word tóna (like much…?) to consider. With animated nouns (thing words) the question word with pi (Plural) is used. If it concerns dead nouns, the question word is used in the Lakotasprache in the Singular.
Examples:
| Hená tóna pi he? | How much (persons) is there? (w. R.) |
| Lakhóta tóna pi KTA he? | How much Lakota (Indian) will there be? |
| Nitóna pi he? | How much of you is there? (w. R.) |
| Kaphópapi tóna he? | How much are lemonades it? (w. R.) |
| Mázaská tóna he? | How is much money it? (w. R.) |
| Wówapi tóna luhá he? | How much do you have books? (w. R.) |
The question word tóna can be used also with Pluralsubstantiven.
[...]
Some Lakota (Indians) use tóna only, if they refer to measurable quantities.
| Kaphópapi tóna he? | How much are lemonades it? (w. R.) |
| Mázaská tóna he? | How is much money it? (w. R.) |
| Wówapi tóna luhá he? | How much do you have books? (w. R.) |
[...]
Examples of other interrogative sentences:
| Hé táku luhá he? | What do you have there? (w. R.) |
| Hená ípuza pi he? | Are they thirsty? Do they have thirst? (w. R.) |
| Hená wašté pi he? | Are they good? (w. R.) |
| Hená zí pi he? | Are they pale? (w. R.) |
| Ínipúza he? | Are you thirsty? (w. R.) |
| Mazí he? | Am I pale? (w. R.) |
| Nizí pi he? | Are you palely? (w. R.) |
| Oníluluta šni he? | Sweat doesn't you? (w. R.) |
| Tókhiya ní KTA he? | Where do you go? (w. R.) |
[...]
T-words can have into the Lakotasprache, if they are not used in interrogative sentences, also another meaning. Here some examples:
| Tókha šni. | It does not make anything. |
The T-Fragewort tukté means: “Which…? Which…? Which…?”. Of tukté are further question words derived how: tuktél “where…?”.
The word tukté él mostly translated with “where…? Where about…? Where approximately…?”. The exact translation in the Lakotasprauche reads: “At which special place…? On which determined place…?”.
It is necessary to learn the difference of tuktél and tukté él. The word tuktél refers usually to a general map reference and/or to the approximate location. While tukté él to a certain place or a certain place of an area refers.
If a Lakotasprecher uses thus tukté él, then it knows approximately, where the place is, which it means and it is necessarily to specify the location accurately.
If the speaker uses thus tuktél, then he has still no conception of it, which him one answers. He asks for information, which will be new for him.
Examples:
| Tukté él yathí he? | Where do you live? (w. R.) |
| táku | What… its? |
| tókha | Thing its, loosely its |
| tókhiya | Where…? Where…? From where…? To which place…? |
| tóna | How much…? |
| tuktél | Where…? |
| tuwá, tuwé | Who…? |
Tuktél and tókhiya are adverbs (circumstance words). Táku and tóna are Pronomen (Fürwörter) or “stands” verbs. Tuwá is a Pronomen. Tuwé and tókha are “stands” verbs.
Examples:
| Tókhiya ní KTA he? | Where will you go? (w. R.) |
| Táku iyéya he? | What did he find? (w. R.) |
| Hé táku he? | There what is? (w. R.) |
| Nitóna pi he? | How much of you is there? (w. R.) |
| Toníkha he? | What is the matter with you? (w. R.) |
Táku means also “something”. Tóna is likewise translated as “some”, “few”. Tuwé is called also “someone” and tókha meant “thing its”.
Examples:
| Hé táku iyéye. | He found something. |
| Tókha šni. | That does not make anything. It does not make anything. |
The T-word tákuwe “why…?” exhibits differences to other T-words and stands in close relationship with the comment (the reason) in the answer. That is also in German like that: “Why do you laugh?” “I laugh, because I read something merry.” A tákuwe question requires an answer, where the comment (the reason) is a part of the sentence or a complete sentence.
Tákuwe is used only in questions. It is the first word in the question or it stands before the verb.
| Tákuwe inúke he? | Why do you go to bed? (w. R.) |
| Paul, tákuwe ištónítho he? | Paul, why you have a “blue” eye? (w. R.) |
[...]
7.1.1 the position of the T-words in questions
The word tóna is located in interrogative sentences in the place, where in the answer set the number word stands. The same applies in interrogative sentences to tuktél, tókhiya, táku, tuwá, tuwé and tókha. These words are located in the interrogative sentence, where in the retort the answer term stands.
| Tuktél yathí he? | Where do you live? (w. R.) |
| Boulder ektá wathí. | I live in Boulder. |
| Tókhiya ní KTA he? | Where will you go? (w. R.) |
| Kákhiya mní kte. | I will go there into the direction. |
If the T-Fragewort is used táku as verb (which its), it is located in the interrogative sentence in the place, where in the answer set the verb is. The same applies to tuwé and tókha.
Examples:
| Lé táku he? | What here is that? (w. R.) |
| Hé thaló. | It is meat. |
| Robert tókha he? | What is the matter with Robert? (w. R.) |
| Hé watúkha yeló. | It is tired. (M.R.) |
7.2 answers to negative questions
To a negative question, in the Lakotasprache with hiyá (no) one answers, if in German “” is meant.
Asking and answer examples:
Wanítukha šni he? Hiyá. - Aren't tired you? (w. R.) no.
Hiyá, wamátukha. - No, I am tired.
Hé wašté šni he? Hiyá. - Isn't good it? (w. R.) no.
Hiyá, hé wašté. - No, he is good.
Mnisní waštéyalake šni he? Hiyá. - Don't like you the cold water? (w. R.) no.
Hiyá, mnisní waštéyalake. - No, you like the cold water.
The basic figures transform into the Lakotasprache in declarative sentences into “stands” verbs. With animated nouns (thing words) the number word in the Plural (majority) is used. If it concerns dead nouns, the number word is used in the Lakotasprache in the Singular (singular). That applies also to interrogative sentences, which often begin with tóna (like much).
Examples:
| Nitóna pi he? | How much of you is there? (w. R.) |
| Lakhóta tóna pi KTA he? | How much Lakota (Indian) will there be? (w. R.) |
| Kaphópapi tóna he? | How much are lemonades it? (w. R.) |
| Mázaská tóna he? | How is much money it? (w. R.) |
[...]
Pronomen are deputies or companions of the noun (thing word).
9.1 the Demonstrativpronomen (the Fürwort referring to)
The Demonstrativpronomen know as companions of a noun (thing word), in addition, when representatives in the sentence arise.
Three the important note Fürwörter in the Lakotasprache are lé, hé and ká. The Plural of these Demonstrativpronomen is lená, hená and kaná. The Demonstrativpronomen hé has in connection with a verb the meaning of it, it and it. The same applies to the Demonstrativpronomen hená. In connection with a verb it means it (Plural).
| lé | that here, those here, that here, these here, these here, this here (sing., refers to articles and/or nouns, which are so close that one can affect them.) |
| lená | those here, these here, it here (Pl., refers to articles and/or nouns, which are so close that one can affect them.) |
| hé | there, there, there (sing., refers to things and/or nouns up to 6 foot far away. That corresponds distance of about 182.88 cm.), it, it, it (in connection with a verb) |
| hená | there, these there, it there (Pl., refers to things and/or nouns up to 6 foot far away. That corresponds distance of about 182.88 cm.), it (in connection with a verb) |
| ká | that there, those there, that there |
| kaná | those there (Pl.) |
Examples:
| Lé Mary thí ektá áya yo! | Take something to the Mary here home over there. (M.R.) |
| Lé táku he? | What here is that? (w. R.) |
| Lená táku he? | What are they (here)? (w. R.) |
| Hé mitháwa šni. | Does not belong to me there. |
| Hé Robert nearly Horse é. | He is Robert nearly Horse. |
| (Hená) hiyú pi. | They went loosely, in order to come here. (Individuals) |
| (Hená) hiyáya pi. | They passed. (Individuals) |
9.3 other Demonstrativpronomen
How other Fürwörter referring to is used as lé, hé and ká, we see by the following examples:
[...]
9.3.1 words referring to, in order to arouse visible interest
There are some words in the Lakotasprache, which are used, in order to make someone on somewhat attentive visibly. These words are based in the Singular and Plural on the Demonstrativpronomen lé, hé and ká. Such words differ however somewhat in their meaning of the Demonstrativpronomen. The best equivalent in addition in German is: “(See here), here is…”, “(see here), here are…”.
| male idiom | female idiom |
| malé | |
| mahé | |
| maká | |
| málená | |
| máhená | |
| mákaná |
We regard the following examples:
| Málená wíyatke eyá (hé). | See here, here are some cups! Here are some cups! (w. R.) |
The Pluralformen is only used by older Lakota (Indians). Younger Lakota (Indian) always uses the longer Singularform.
One uses these words only, if one wants to make to somewhat attentive, over which straight is spoken.
We may not confound these words with localization verbs.
9.4 the Possesivpronomen (the possession-indicating Fürwort)
With Possesivpronomen an ownership structure or a Zusammengehörigkeit is expressed.
In the Lakotasprache the Possesivpronomen with the verb Itháwa is formed.
Examples:
| Hé mitháwa šni. | Does not belong to me there. |
| Hená nitháwa pi he? | Belong… to you there? (w. R.) |
| Hé tháwa kištó. | It is it. It is its. It is it. It is their… it is its. It is its… you is their… you is its… (w. R.) |
| Hé tháwa yeló. | It is it. It is its. It is it. It is their… it is its. It is its… you is their… you is its… (M.R.) |
| Táku nitháwa he? | What is yours? What belongs to you? (w. R.) |
| Hé tháwa pi kte kištó. | To them there will belong. Them will be there. It will belong to them. It will be them. It will belong to them. It will be them. It will belong to them. It will be them. (w. R.) |
| Hé tháwa pi kte yeló. | To them there will belong. Them will be there. It will belong to them. It will be them. It will belong to them. It will be them. It will belong to them. It will be them. (M.R.) |
| Hé tháwa pi šni kištó. | It does not belong to them. It is not them. It does not belong to them. It is not them. It does not belong to them. It is not them. (w. R.) |
| Hé tháwa pi šni yeló. | It does not belong to them. It is not them. It does not belong to them. It is not them. It does not belong to them. It is not them. (M.R.) |
9,5 Indefinitpronomen (indefinite Fürwörter)
Indefinite Pronomen indicate that persons or things indefinitely, unknown or more near does not admit are.
Indefinite Fürwörter can stand alone, or use as deputies for nouns (thing words).
Indefinitpronomen are such words how: one, everyone, someone, which, all, any, something, nothing, all, each, none, any, some, some, several, some, a little, few, a little, enough.
9.5.1 Indefinite of number adjectives
In the Lakotasprache are there special words over it if about parts or portions of well-known quantities one speaks. In German these words of “indefinite number adjectives” are called and in English of “partitives”, by the English word “part” (portion, part).
In German at most the indefinite number adjective is used some. Some can be used alone, in addition, in connection with a noun (thing word) or a Personalpronomen:
Some smoked.
Some people smoked.
Some the people smoked.
Some of us smoked.
If the indefinite number adjective is used some alone or with a noun, it is stressed clearly when speaking. Read these examples loud:
Some smoked.
Some children run already with nine months.
Some apples are red.
I would like some bread.
If some the meaning of the part of a certain quantity has, then this word refers to some of (…). A part that is used in the same way. We regard the following examples and we will state ourselves that the indefinite number adjective is stressed.
Some (a part) the children went.
Some (a part) the Fleischstücke are spoiled.
We drank up some (a part) the Bierflaschen.
The child ate some (a part) the apples up.
In the following sentences instead of some the opposite is used the expressing indefinite Pronomen none.
None of the children had gone.
None of the Fleischstücke is spoiled.
We did not drink up of the Bierflaschen.
The child did not eat of the apples.
There is also the question for word (Interrogativpronomen) after the quantities like much.
How much did you buy apples?
How did you buy much flour?
How did many of the children go?
How are many of the Fleischstücke spoiled?
There is a number of different words, which express some that and/or a part in the Lakotasprache. Indefinite Pronomen and/or number adjectives are negative or asking in the Lakotasprache confirming. They explain to be used a part of a sentence more exactly or them can alone and them be able the function of a part of a sentence to have. They are thus often used very like numbers.
The way of the quantity, of which something was taken and which way of the portions to decide, which word is used in the Lakotasprache for it.
With a larger portion of individual members or individuals into the Lakotasprache the word [...] one uses.
[Examples cannot be unfortunately described on the homepage, since they contain sounds, which are not original-faithfully representable with HTML codes!]
9.5.2 negatives Indefinitpronomen
[...]
9,6 Interrogativpronomen (question for words)
See the following chapters:
7.1 the T-Fragewörter
7.1.1 the position of the T-words in questions
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