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The simplest sentence is alone e.g. the verb osní (it is cold).
| Part of a sentence 1 | Part of a sentence 2 | Comment | Literal translation |
| Denver | ektá yé. | After Denver it goes. | |
| Ehákela | ú pi kte. | Later they here will come. | |
| Hená | Robert éna Wayne nearly Horse | é pi. | They Robert and Wayne nearly Horse them are. |
| Hé | mázaská eyá | iyéwaye. | There the something money I found. |
| Hé | mitháwa šni. | There the mine is not. |
The literal translation shows us the Satzbau of the Lakotasprache. The good German translation of the sentences stated above reads:
It goes to Denver. They will come here later. They are Robert and Wayne nearly Horse. I found something money. That is not mine.
There is two kinds of sentences, the true declarative sentence and the hypothetical declarative sentence.
True declarative sentences describe things, which are material. True events or occurrences are such, which happen in the present or took place in the past. True declarative sentences are such, those in the mental reality of the speaker are present and/or also future material occurrences.
Hypothetical declarative sentences describe things and events, which really exist or not for the speaker true and/or correct are. Instructions and questions are sets of such kind. Frequently hypothetical sentences contain the word KTA, the verbs olé (search) and lá (ask).
11. General nouns (thing words)
General nouns are such, which refers to a community and/or addresses themselves to the public. General nouns are used with usual true statements and statements. Here are some examples of general nouns:
We state that the indicated examples refer to a group and/or a class (apples, car, meat goods, fruit, vegetable and dog) or to an idealistic conception (swims, politics). There are further possibilities of recognizing general nouns. For example, if the noun is not computable and without article (sex word) is used, which particularly applies in English, as with swimming and politics of the above examples. But if the word is computable, it may in the Plural (majority) without article (sex word): Apples, cars and dogs. If the general noun stands in the Singular (singular), it may have the indefinite or certain article: an apple, the apple and a car. Usually the Plural for computable general nouns is used.
Nouns have into the Lakotasprache a general use, as we see by the following examples.
| Mní khútakiya kalúze. | Water flows downhill. |
| Wagmíza waštéwalake. | I like corn. |
In the Lakotasprache always stand the general nouns in the Plural, if they refer to computable things. We do not forget thereby the Pluralbildung of the verbs (Tätigkeitswörter).
[...]
In connection with active verbs the general nouns do not have an article.
| até | Father (the address also for the brothers of the father one uses.) Uncle (on the paternal side) |
| atkúku | their father (sing.), his father, their uncle on the paternal side (sing.), its uncle on the paternal side |
| bébela | Baby |
| hokšíla | Young one |
| iná | Nut/mother, my nut/mother (address for the nut/mother and their sisters) Aunt (mütterlicherseits) |
| Lakhóta | Lakota (Indian) |
| Oglála | Oglala (Indian) |
| Oglála Oyáte | Oglala trunk (sing.,), people of the Oglala (sing.,) |
| oyáte | People (Pl.,), trunk (sing.,), people (sing.,) |
11.1.1 formulations of address and relationship designations
The address among themselves of the relatives in the Lakotasprache is dependent on many factors e.g. the sex whether relatives on the paternal side or mütterlicherseits descends etc.
In the Lakotasprache is the formal address for nut/mother iná.
[...]
With the address of a person is to be considered thus: the sex e.g. with brothers and sisters, the sex of the responding etc.
[...]
| até | Father (the address also for the brothers of the father one uses.) Uncle (on the paternal side) |
| iná | Nut/mother, my nut/mother (address for the nut/mother and their sisters) Aunt (mütterlicherseits) |
| kholá | Friend |
| lekší | Uncle (address, blood-related, the brother of the nut/mother) |
| mamá | Nut/mother, mummy (informal address) |
| phapá | Father, dad (informal address) |
| thibló | older brother (w. R.) |
| thošká | Nephew (address, w. R.) |
If the Lakota (Indian) liked to rather speak about relatives than to relatives, he must use different expressions. These words are often similarly as the formulations of address, sometimes are different them in addition.
Most simply it is to be spoken about relatives, if one uses the verb, which have meant “someone as…”. Such verbs are:
atéya - have when father, a father child relationship to have, (applies to the uncles on the paternal side), an uncle nephew relationship have, an uncle niece relationship have
[...]
11.1.1.1 relationship designations
In the Lakotasprache are there terms for the core family that is called all family members descend from each other. and/or are related with one another (grandparents, parents and brothers and sisters).
Two other main groups of relatives exist. The first group consists of a larger part of the blood relatives outside of the core family. These persons are related with one another, because they have all the same ancestors (aunts, uncles and cousins). To this group of blood relatives belong also the spouses, who are not blood relatives (married men and wives).
The core family and the group of aunt uncle cousins are called into the Lakotasprache thiyóšpaye. This term is usually translated as gang. Some people use also the word clan, in order to define this group from blood relatives to. The oldest living ancestor is the head the thiyóšpaye. After the death of this oldest person, the thiyóšpaye dissolves and a new forms around the oldest person of the next generation.
The second large group of relatives exclusively consists of persons, who are not blood relatives. They are the group of relationship of spouses and the spouses of the brothers and sisters. These persons are only used during the existence of a marriage.
Brothers and sisters (brothers and sisters) of parents are differentiated with respect to German only according to the sex of brothers and sisters. The address for the male brothers and sisters part of parents is in the German uncle and for the female brothers and sisters part aunt. In German also the terms uncles and aunt for the husbands of brothers and sisters are used, so that one cannot recognize uncles or aunt alone by the designation whether it concerns with the person blood relatives or related by marriage relatives. If the difference is important in German, the word will use “related by marriage”. “You is by the way my related by marriage aunt.”
In the Lakotasprache the address of these brothers and sisters of parents is determined by the sex of the brothers and sisters part and by the sex of parents.
The brother of the father and the sister of the nut/mother are regarded as parents and one used até and iná, if one addresses it. [...] It explains why some Lakota (Indian), which English speaks, about their “mothers” and “fathers” talk. The concerning knows naturally, who its biological parents are.
The sister of the father and the brother of the nut/mother are regarded as more distant relatives and it give specific terms for her.
[...] One addresses the brother of the nut/mother with lekší. If the Lakota (Indian) speaks English, they call “aunt” and “uncle” these persons. [...]
[...] There are therefore four terms in the Lakotasprache. In German the term for the address depends only on the sex: Nephew and niece.
[...] Is here a list with the same information.
| lekší | [...] | ||
| male idiom | [...] | thošká | Nephew |
| female idiom | [...] | [...] | Niece |
We state that the consonants (Mitlaute) are alike with all persons with the address (nephew, niece) and. The vowel (self sound) of the first syllable changes with the address in connection with the sex of the responding person (aunt, uncle). Although it appears difficult, these examples will help to stamp to us the correct terms.
The address for the cousins and cousins depends in the Lakotasprache on who parents are. If one addresses someone with até or iná, then their children are addressed like physical brothers and sisters. The children of the brother of the father and the children of the sister of the nut/mother are addressed in the Lakotasprache like own brothers and sisters: [...], thibló etc.
The children of the sister of the father and the children of the brother of the nut/mother are another group of relationship. These persons are regarded of the Lakota (Indians) as less related.
In German both groups described above are cousins and cousins.
In the Lakotasprache depend the address terms for cousins and cousins on the sex of the addressed person and on the sex of the responding person.
[Examples cannot be unfortunately described on the homepage, since they contain sounds, which are not original-faithfully representable with HTML codes!]
One speaks in the Lakotasprache about relatives instead of to them uses one of nouns derived verbs or relationship nouns. Here is a list of relationship verbs:
| lekšílaya | have as a related by marriage uncle |
| lekšíya | as blood-related uncles have (brother of the nut/mother) |
| thoškáya | as a nephew have (w. R.) |
| blú | Powder |
| hí | Tooth, teeth |
| hú | Leg, legs |
| í | Mouth |
| istó | Poor, arms |
| ištá | Eye, eyes |
| kaphópapi | Lemonade, lemonades |
| loté | Throat, throat, neck |
| máza | Metal, iron |
| mázaská | Money, dollar, silver |
| mní | Water |
| Mníšoše | Missouri, Missourifluss |
| napé | Hand |
| natá | Head |
| Oglála Thípi | Pine Ridge reservation |
| okó | Week, weeks |
| owóte thípi | Café, restaurant |
| phasú | Nose |
| sí | Foot, feet |
| thaló | Meat |
| thezí | Stomach, belly |
| thiyópa | Gate (sing.,), gates (Pl.,), door (sing.,), doors (Pl.,) |
| thí | Building, house |
| thípi | Dwelling, house, home, homeland, at home |
| wakhálapi, wakhályapi | Coffee |
| waníyetu | Winter |
| wá | Snow (sing.,), snow on the soil (of the) |
| wáglotapi | Table |
| wí | Heavenly body (sing.,), sun (sing.,) |
| wówapi | Book, letter |
| wóyute | Meal, food, food |
A genuine Pluralsubstantiv is:
mní eyá - something water
[...]
If the Pluralsubstantive in the Singular is used, the meaning of the words is different. The meaning of the Pluralsubstantivs in the Singular stands in connection with a “container”.
[...]
There are stands in the Lakota to verbs and active verbs.
A-words are verbs (Tätigkeitswörter), which in the infinitive (verb basic form) as last letters at the end an A has: atéya and awáštelaka are examples. [...] These A-words can change the last letters depending upon application of the verb, without the meaning of the word changes. With A-words the ending of the verb can be A, e or [...]. [...]
The selection of the ending of a A-word depends on which inserted word comes to it.
e is used, if a A-word:
[...]
A is used
Examples
Akhé osní olúspa he? - Are again afflicted with a cold you? (w. R.)
Eníhakela he? - Are you the latter? (w. R.)
Olúluta kte kištó. - It will become really stifling. (w. R.)
Mní kte šni. - I will not be on the way there.
Hé tháwa pi kte yeló. - Will be real there them. (M.R.)
Categories of the verbs:
| áya | something take, into a certain condition to be brought, carry forward, resume, continue, continue, become |
| hústaka | tiredly its |
| mná | an unpleasant smell have, smell, to stink |
| šá | red its |
| šoše | muddily its, dirtily its, cloudily its, verworren its |
| thó | blue its, green its |
| tuwé | Who… its? |
| núm, núpa | two |
| yámni | three |
| tópa, tób | four |
| šákpe | six |
| ípuza | thirstily its |
| Itháwa | possess, the owner owners of… its |
| sápa | black its |
| ská | knows its |
| wašté, waštéšte | well its |
| watúkha | tiredly its |
| zí | palely its, yellow its |
12.2.2.1 verbs of the localization
Some Lakotaverben of the localization can “be” with the German verb to be translated.
[Examples cannot be unfortunately described on the homepage, since they contain sounds, which are not original-faithfully representable with HTML codes!]
12.2.2.1,1 verbs of the localization in connection with animated nouns
[Examples cannot be unfortunately described on the homepage, since they contain sounds, which are not original-faithfully representable with HTML codes!]
If one generally asks for the localization of an animated object, the Lakota (Indian) does not use a localization verb, but a progressive movement verb.
| Tókhi ilála he? | Where are you (gone)? (w. R.) |
| Tókhiya iyáya pi he? | Where are they (gone)? (w. R.) |
[...]
12.2.2.1,2 verbs of the localization in connection with dead nouns
Different Lakota verbs are used, in order to express the localization of dead things. The choice of this verb depends on such conditions like the outside form of an object and the spatial environment of a thing.
With verbs in connection with dead nouns the Plural (majority) is never formed with pi! Of course these verbs also never arise in connection with dead nouns (thing words) in the first, second person Singular (singular) and in the first person Plural! The outside form of an object is always decisive for it with which Lakota verb the localization is formulated.
[Examples cannot be unfortunately described on the homepage, since they contain sounds, which are not original-faithfully representable with HTML codes!]
12.2.2.1 .2.1 the localization verb hiyéya
Another localization verb is used frequently in the Lakotasprache. This Tätigkeitswort is hiyéya. This verb is used only if we speak about several objects, which are here and there:
[Examples cannot be unfortunately described on the homepage, since they contain sounds, which are not original-faithfully representable with HTML codes!]
One may not be scattered hiyéya “over…” with such verbs as hiyáya “to pass”, iyéya “finds” and iyáya “to loose-go” to confound!
12.2.2.1 of .2.2 dead things in a Lokalität
[Examples cannot be unfortunately described on the homepage, since they contain sounds, which are not original-faithfully representable with HTML codes!]
If the localization of an object is to be indicated individually in an area (container), the selection of the localization verb depends on the outside form of this object. We compare the following sentences:
[Examples cannot be unfortunately described on the homepage, since they contain sounds, which are not original-faithfully representable with HTML codes!]
The selection of the verb can describe, where exactly a dead object is. We regard the following examples:
[Examples cannot be unfortunately described on the homepage, since they contain sounds, which are not original-faithfully representable with HTML codes!]
| itéka | promisingly its, reasonably its, probably its (stands at the end of record) |
| mašté, maštéšte | It is sunny. It is warm and sunny. |
| thaté, thatéte | blow, the wind blows. blow windy, its |
| Tókha šni. | That is correct. That does not make anything. It does not make anything. That is not important. That is unimportant. |
| la | small, nicely (reduction word; one uses, if that something speaker is dear and expensive.) |
In the Lakotasprache are most weather terms “stands” verbs.
| okháta | hot its (dry heat is meant.) |
| olúluta | stifling its, sweat (is meant steaming heat.) |
| osní | coldly its (weather) |
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