The Lakota grammar - part of 4

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12.3 active verbs

atéya have as a father
have as uncles (on the paternal side)
awáštelaka do its, gladly something gladly actively
áya take somewhat in the meantime
gluhá have as private property
hiyáya to somewhat pass, someone pass, here driven through without to continue, here go through without to stop, happen, from a place to another place go, pass, to pass
hiyú a place abandoned and come, here come, loose-go, in order to come here
hí here arrive, here arrive, here come
iyáya begin, break open to something, begin, loose-go, on the way making themselves, from here loose-go, leave
í arrive (at another place), there arrive, there come, come
íyotaka put, sit down
lá ask
máni go running,
okíhi capably its, capable its, can
olé search
ománi drive, travel, move
oyúspa something catch, someone catch
ókiya help someone
philáya one pleased, one satisfies
škáta play
thí live, live
ú on the way here its, here come, come
waštélaka may have, gladly
wayáwa into the school go, school to visit, study, text to read, to the school go
wóta eat, something eat
yá there going its, there to run
yawá count, read
yuhá have


Active verbs are divided into Y-verbs and Nasal verbs. Some active verbs have the syllable in the first and second person in the Singular (I, you) wa and ya. There are two groups of such verbs.

The larger of these two groups of verbs has a y, which a vowel follows, in the place, where the syllable for the Personalpronomen is added. (The Personalpronomen can be added at the beginning of the verb or inserted into the verb.) one calls this group of Tätigkeitswörtern Y-verbs.

The other group contains only few Tätigkeitswörter. Nevertheless most of these verbs are important and them are often used. These verbs have a y, a Nasalvokal follow in the place, where the syllable for the Personalpronomen is inserted. This group is called Nasal verbs.

12.3.1 the Y-verbs

Here are some examples, which show the difference of the conjugation of the Y-verbs. Some these conjugation forms in the first and second person Singular use bl for “I” and l for “you”. The y is omitted. - It is necessary to regard and thoroughly learn the following examples.

yuhá - have

bluhá - I have (it).
luhá - you have (it).
(Hé) yuhá. - It has (it). It has (it). It has (it).

Luhá pi. - You have (it).
(Hená) yuhá pi. - You have (it). (Individuals)

wayáwa - into the school go

wabláwa - I go into the school.
waláwa - you go into the school.
(Hé) wayáwa. - It goes into the school. It goes into the school. It goes into the school.

Waláwa pi. - You go into the school.
(Hená) wayáwa pi. - You go into the school. (Individuals)

íyotaka - put, sit down

íblotake - I put myself.
ílotake - you put yourself.
(Hé) íyotake. - It put itself. It puts itself. It puts itself.

Ílotaka pi. - You put you.
(Hená) íyotaka pi. - You put yourselves. (Individuals)
éyotake - you put yourselves. (Collective)

Most active verbs, which a y in the place has, where the syllable for the Personalpronomen is inserted, with the Y-trunk-syllables conjugated, but not all. For example: “I make a joy for it.” beudeutet in Lakota philáwaye, where the master verb philáya is. Learning the 1. Person Singular of each Tätigkeitswort is important, because one differentiates thereby “stands” the verbs from the active verbs. In addition one recognizes hereby the different kinds of the active verbs.

Three important Y-verbs differ somewhat in the conjugation from the past examples. [...]

Examples:

blé I am on the way there.
lé You are on the way there.
(Hé) yé. It is on the way there. It is on the way there. It is on the way there.
Lá pi. You are on the way there.
(Hená) yá pi. They are on the way there. (Individuals)
áye They are on the way there. They go (now) there. They run (now) there. (Collective)


The verb iyáya means: “break open something”, “on the way make themselves based” and it on the Tätigkeitswort yá. It is unusual in the Lakotasprache, because a prefix before each y and before the Personalpronomen in the 1. and 2. Person Singular is added.


ibláble I applied (to something). I went from here loosely. I left from here. I made myself on the way.
ilále You are broken open (to something). You went from here loosely. You left from here. You made yourself on the way.
(Hé) iyáye. It applied (to something). It went from here loosely. It left from here. It made itself on the way. It began. It applied (to something). It went from here loosely. It left from here. It made itself on the way. It applied (to something). It went from here loosely. It left from here. It made itself on the way.
Ilála pi. You are broken open (to something). Loose-went to it from here. You from here left. For it made you on the way.
(Hená) iyáya pi. They applied (to something). They went from here loosely. They left from here. They made themselves on the way. (Individuals) /td>
éyaye They applied (to something). They went from here loosely. They left from here. They made themselves on the way. (Collective)


[...]

12.3.2 the Nasal verbs

We determine with the first and second person in the Singular that the syllable for the Nasal verb m for “I”, n for “you” and that the y of the basic verb is omitted. [...] It is necessary to learn all these examples thoroughly.

mú - I use (it). I use (it). I use (it). I use (it).
nú - you uses (it). You use (it). You use (it).

Nú pi. - You use (it). You use (it). You use it.

imúke - I went to bed. I lay down.
inúke - you went to bed. You lay down.

Inúka pi. - You put you down. Went to it to bed.

Not all verbs with a y before a Nasal vowel are in reality Nasal verbs. It is always necessary to learn the first person in the Singular in order to differentiate between these Tätigkeitswörter. [...]

As we already saw with the Y-verbs, some Nasal verbs have certain characteristics in their conjugation. These differences must be learned.

A-verbs have usually a i (Nasallaut!) in some their conjugation forms. This sound change can cause that Y-verbs are conjugated such as Nasal verbs. The most well-known verb of this kind is yá “there going its” and iyáya “to break open to something”. It is important to learn the conjugation of these verbs in the present and the possibility form (future form).

yá “going on the way there its”, “there its”, “there to run”


Present Possibility form, future
blé Mní kte.
lé Ní kte.
Lá pi. Lá pi kte.
(Hená) yá pi. (Hená) yá pi kte. (Individuals)


The conjugation of the possibility form in the 1. Person Singular is irregular: The ligature mn preferentially used as only the m alone.

The word áya “carry forward” is in the conjugation of the possibility form (future) also a Nasal verb: Ámni kte. “I will carry it forward. ”, Áni kte. “You will carry it forward.”.

iyáya “break open (to something)”

Present Possibility form, future
ibláble Iblámni kte.
ilále Iláni kte.
Ilála pi. Ilála pi kte.
(Hená) iyáya pi. (Hená) iyáya pi kte. (Individuals)


Some Lakotasprecher eliminated the two halves with the conjugation of the possibility form (Futur) of the first and second person Singular. [...]

The conjugation of other Nasal verbs must be learned also carefully. [...] The conjugation in the first and second person in the Singular of Tätigkeitswörtern of this kind and contain no characteristics which can be learned with difficulty are normal.

[...]

Here is a table of the Nasal verbs, which we should know.

Master verb Meaning 1. Person, Singular
áya kte carry forward Ámni kte.
iyáya loose-go Iblámni kte.
yá there going its Mní kte.


[...]

12.3.2.1 Y and Nasal verbs with two part of a sentence syllables

A problem over the conjugation active verbs (Tätigkeitswörter) “transitiven” are still necessarily to be described.

The Y-trunk-verbs have an l, if you and/or it the subject is, while the Nasal trunk verbs a n have.

In Y-trunk-verbs “transitiven” two syllables ya and l for you and/or it are used. If the object syllable is mA (me, me), with Nasal trunk verbs ya and n is used.

The syllable sequence in the verbs is therefore now as follows: mayal and mayan.

We regard these examples:

Amáyani KTA he? Will you carry me forward? (w. R.)
Omáyale he? Do you look for me? (w. R.)


In this verb form the subject can have two meanings.

12.3.3 the relationship verbs

Most simply it is to be spoken about relatives, if one uses the verb, which have meant “someone as…”. There are such verbs how:


atéya when have father, a father child relationship to have, (applies to the uncles on the paternal side), an uncle nephew relationship have, an uncle niece relationship have
lekšíya have as uncles (mütterlicherseits)
thiblóya as an older brother have (w. R.)
thoškáya as a nephew have (w. R.)


[...]

The relationship verbs actively conjugated with the appropriate syllables for the Personalpronomen.

Examples:


atéwaye I have it as a father. I have it as an uncle (on the paternal side). He is my father. He is my uncle (on the paternal side).
Ináyaye he? Do you have it as a nut/mother?
Do you have it as an aunt (mütterlicherseits)?
Is she your nut/mother?
Is she your aunt (mütterlicherseits)? (w. R.)


[...]

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