The Lakota grammar - part of 5

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• 12.3.4 the progressive movement verbs
• 12.3.5 active verbs and their parts of a sentence
• 12.3.5.1 Transitive verbs
• 12.3.5.1,1 the object syllables
• 12.3.5.1 .1.2 the subject and object syllables in the same verb
• 12.3.5.1 .1.2.1 alphabetical listing of the transitiven syllables
• 12.3.5.1.1.3 [...]
• 12.3.5.1.1.4 [...]
• 12.3.5.1 .1.5 Transitive verb forms with several meanings
• 12.4 friendly request, the command form - imperative

12.3.4 the progressive movement verbs

Coming and going: In the Lakotasprache are there different verbs, which “come” and “go” to express. These verbs must be used precisely and consistently. We must learn to use these moving us verbs correctly.

Each progressive movement verb has (way) a direction in its main meaning. In all cases the verb refers to the direction to the speaker or for the direction away from the speaker. The same applies also to many German verbs, as for example: come and go. Except turning away the Lakotaverben in its meaning contains a completion phase of the progressive movement process. There are three phases: Start, duration and end.

In order to use a Lakota away Bewegungsverb in the correct order, we must decide whether the direction of motion is important, or whether the completion phase of the movement process is important.

If only the direction is important, the Lakotasprecher uses ú, if the direction of motion is to the speaker. If the direction of motion away from the speaker is, yá one uses. Therefore can “come” ú as and “go” yá as to be translated. Here some examples follow, where only the direction of motion speaks for of interest is:

Ehákela ú pi kte. - You will come later.
Robert yé. - Robert went.
Tókhiya ní KTA he? - Where will you go? (w. R.)

If the completion phase of a progressive movement action is important, the Lakotasprecher must select such a verb, which both expresses, direction and the completion phase of progressive movement. Here is a recording of fundamental Lakota away Bewegungsverben, which correspond to both meanings.

We see, both words ú and yá are again used. This time form indicates that progressive movement already is under way. Further we can state that the way course verb is derived from the Ankunfts verb in both cases.

Leg reading the following Lakotasätze is to be concentrated it importantly on understanding the completion phase, which expresses each verb. We state that the German translation expresses the precise Lakotabedeutung rarely. In all cases the German speaker must become clear over the meaning of the completion phase of the progressive movement verb in the sentence.

Wahí kištó. - Here am I (arrived). (w. R.)

Denver ektá yé. - It is on the way after Denver.

Tókhiya iyáya pi he? - Where are they? (To which place they are broken open?) (w. R.)

Now do we understand, why the German question “you come?” into the Lakotasprache several meanings to have can.

Yahí KTA he? - Will arrive here you? (w. R.)

Yahíyu KTA he? - Will loose-go you and here will come? (w. R.)

Likewise “go can you?” have in the Lakotasprache of mehrer meanings.

Lá he? - Are you on the way there? (w. R.)

Iláni KTA he? - Will break open you there? (w. R.)

The conjugation examples of these verbs are mostly regular. To hí, ú, hiyú and í the conjugation of the regular active verbs applies. For the conjugation of iyáya, and yá the conjugation for Y-verbs and Nasal verbs is used.

Another Lakota verb, which resembles these six verbs is hiyáya. This verb was formed here of hí “to arrive” and iyáya “from here loose-gone”. The meaning of hiyáya is “goes through without to stop”, “passes”, from a place to another place goes”.

Some Lakotasprecher conjugate this verb wahíyaye, yahíyaye, while other wahíblable and yahílale say. People, which wahíblable says, mean that the word composition consists of two individual components. Persons, who wahíyaye says, regard it as an individual verb.

There is an important difference with these progressive movement verbs in the conjugation compared with most other active verbs. These verbs and most different, which express a progressive movement, have in its collective Plural form an A, as we can see by the following examples.

ahíyu - you went loosely, in order to come here. (Collective)
(Hená) hiyú pi. - You went loosely, in order to come here. (Individuals)

ahí - you arrived here. (Collective)
(Hená) hí pi. - You arrived here. (Individuals)

éyaye - you went from here loosely. (Collective)
(Hená) iyáya pi. - You went from here loosely. (Individuals)

áye - you are on the way there. (Collective)
(Hená) yá pi. - You are on the way there. (Individuals)

ahíyaye - you passed. (Collective)
(Hená) hiyáya pi. - You passed. (Individuals)

éyotake - you put yourselves. (Collective)
(Hená) íyotaka pi. - You put yourselves. (Individuals)

We recognize with the verbs iyáya and íyotaka that the Pluralsilbe and the initial letter i in an e merged. Further we state that áye “you are on the way there.” exactly the same is expressed like áye “it carried forward it.”.

Some progressive movement verbs in the Plural have thus several meanings. Therefore we must learn to differentiate these verbs with respect to the collective form or individual form.

12.3.5 active verbs and their parts of a sentence

A verb refers in a sentence to at least one part of a sentence.

That is not always correct in the Lakotasprache. Weather verbs like osní “is cold.” have no part of a sentence. Sometimes in very short Konversation is used the verb without part of a sentence. Nevertheless one understands, what is meant.

If we ignore these examples, we can say that each Lakota verb refers to at least one part of a sentence. Parts of a sentence are either a syllable in or at the verb or individual words. An example of a part of a sentence syllable is wa in the word iyéwaye “I found it.”. Examples as parts of a sentence are used by individual words:

Some verbs can stand also in relationship to two parts of a sentence.

We now with the active verbs one point reached, where we must differentiate between the verbs, which to a part of a sentence refer from those, which refer to two parts of a sentence. Everyone this kind of verbs has a special name, to which we should remember.

Active verbs, which refer only to a part of a sentence, are called intransitive verbs and those, which two parts of a sentence require, are the transitiven verbs.

12.3.5.1 Transitive verbs

We call verbs, which two parts of a sentence require, transitive verbs.

In connection with the two-part of a sentence verbs we must learn two grammatical terms: the subject and the object.

The subject is the part of a sentence, which designates the participant. That is that, which performs an activity, to which the verb refers. The object designates the person or the thing, to whom the action appoints itself.

The term transitiv is applied to the verb, which requires two parts of a sentence. Transitiv meant “past move” or “go through”. That means that an action turns into from a participant (subject) to a receiver or an endured one (object). Intransitive means that no action from an individual turns into to another.

We show at two examples.

In the first sentence is “I” the subject: “I” was the participant in finding. “Some books” is the object: they were found. In the second sentence “it” is the subject: he is the owner of the money, which was found. “Something money” is the object, since it was found and taken in possession.

In order to understand the difference between subject and object, one must learn to be able to recognize it in the Lakotasprache.

In German we always recognize the subject and the object by their position in the sentence: the subject comes before the verb, the object stands to the verb. There is similar guideline assistance in the Lakotasprache, which us subject and object make possible to recognize.

We regard our sentence examples again.

In the set of Wówapi eyá iyéwaye. the verbal syllable is wa the subject. This inserted syllable can be used only as subject. In our example is wówapi eyá the object. It is recognizable in no way that these words can be the object. There however already - wa the subject is, must wówapi the object be. That is clear also of the importance: the books cannot find anything, them can be only found.

In the second set of Hé mázaská eyá iyéye. the subject is Hé and the object is mázaská. Both words could be the subject or object. We know, which of both parts of a sentence has which meaning. The first part of a sentence the subject and second the object is usual. That comes out also from the sense of the sentence: Money cannot find anybody.

We will learn the conjugation and the use of the transitiven verbs now in the Lakotasprache. We concentrate on two points: the use of nouns with transitiven verbs and learning the formation of object syllables with transitiven verbs.

If individual words are the subject, there is no verbal syllable. If the animated subject stands in the Plural (majority), one recognizes by the fact that the verb a pi is added. If a noun (thing word) is in the Singular (singular) the object of a verb, there is also no syllable for the verb. If thus two parts of a sentence are different words, one can recognize only by the order (and perhaps at the meaning), which is the subject and which the object.

We must still learn, how one deals with verbs, which only syllables for both parts of a sentence have.

If there are two syllables of parts of a sentence in a verb, then is the usual sequence that first the object syllable follows and then the subject syllable. We state that it is the reverse sequence as with individual words as parts of a sentence. There are some exceptions of this rule, we will learn which to know.

Regard the following examples:

[Examples cannot be unfortunately described on the homepage, since they contain sounds, which are not original-faithfully representable with HTML codes!]

1. Sometimes transitive verbs have two syllables, one for the object and one for the subject. [...]
2. Transitive verbs have object syllables in the command form only.

12.3.5.1,1 the object syllables

All object syllables are verbal syllables. Here is a list of the object syllables, which in connection with transitiven active verbs are ended.

We state that there are none for the dual (you and me, you and me, me and you, me and you) and for “us” separated object category. [...]

[...] Why these verbs no collective Pluralform have?

[...] There is no object syllable for dead Plural. [...]

A set of sound change takes place, if the object syllables the verb are added. These can be learned best by practical application.

Some these verbal syllables have Nasallaute. That particularly applies to the object syllables [...], mA and ni. If these syllables in a verb before the y are added, a Nasallaut can become from the vowel (self sound) after the y. It applies to consider thereby two different kinds:

1. The vowels (self sounds) e and o are never Nasallaute.
2. Some verbs do not have this special Nasallautbildung and some to have them.
   Verbs, which begin with ya or yu, have never a Nasallautbildung. Most verbs, which end on ya have it.

Here are some examples, which cause a Nasallautbildung.

[Examples cannot be unfortunately described on the homepage, since they contain sounds, which are not original-faithfully representable with HTML codes!]

We know the word philámayaye. There the Nasallautbildung does not take place, because “ya” an inserted syllable is and does not belong to the verb.

[...]

[...] The k does not change in some other verbs:

[...]

The use of pi in connection with transitiven verbs can cause problems in the meaning, because pi may be used only then in connection with a verb, if both parts of a sentence stand in the Plural (majority).

Only the situation could make clear, which meaning is the correct one.

The use of hé or hená in connection with the other part of a sentence can often help to make more understandable what such a sentence means. Here are the same sentences with inserted Demonstrativpronomen (Fürwort referring to):

As we see, only the concrete situation can make understandable, what many transitiven verbs in connection with pi to mean.

[...]

If the syllable refers to me, me or to you, you, one can recognize by the syllable whether it concerns with the pertinent part of a sentence the subject or object. We regard the following examples:

12.3.5.1 .1.2 the subject and object syllables in the same verb

12.3.5.1 .1.2.1 alphabetical listing of the transitiven syllables

12.3.5.1.1.5 Transitive Verbformen mit mehreren Bedeutungen

[...]

Andere Sätze mit transitiven Verben, welche pi enthalten, können auch mehrere Bedeutungen haben, weil pi den Plural (Mehrzahl) des Subjektes oder bzw. und des Objektes ausdrückt. Sehen wir uns diese Beispiele an:

In beiden Fällen kann nur die konkrete Situation erkennen lassen, welche Bedeutung die Richtige ist.

12.4 Freundliche Aufforderung, die Befehlsform - Imperativ

Die Bildung der Befehlsform erfolgt im Singular (Anrede du) und im Plural (Anrede ihr). Im Singular gibt es in der Lakotasprache bei der Befehlsform keine Anrede für "du" und im Plural keine Anrede für "ihr". Es wird das Verb in der 3. Person Singular oder Plural (Bildung mit pi) mit dem Befehlswort verwendet.

Die Befehle in der Lakotasprache enthalten keinen verärgerten Ton oder irgendwelche negativen Stimmungsschwankungen! Es handelt sich lediglich um eine Aufforderung bzw. Anweisung.

In der männlichen Sprechweise wird am Ende des Satzes das Befehlswort yo verwendet. Endet ein vorhergehendes Wort auf u oder o, wird das Wort wo benutzt.

Steht vor der Befehlsform das Pluralwort pi, wird bei der schnellen Sprechweise po gesprochen.

Am Ende des Satzes wird in der weiblichen Sprechweise das Befehlswort ye verwendet. Endet das vorangegangene Wort auf u oder o, wird we gebraucht.

Examples of Singular:

Amáphe ye! - Control room on me! (w. R.)
Até, ómakiya ye! - Father, help me! (w. R.) uncle (on the paternal side), help me! (w. R.)
Hé aphá ye! - Impact it! Impact it! (w. R.)
Lé Mary thí ektá áya yo! - Take something to the Mary (here) home over there. (M.R.)

Examples of Plural:

Omáyale pi yo! - Craze me! (M.R.)
Yá pi yo! - Goes there! Run there! (M.R.)

A further possibility of requesting someone friendly is formed with the words nithó for the female manner of speaking and with yethó for the male manner of speaking.

Examples;

Hiyú nithó! - Come once! (w. R.)
Thimá hiyú nithó! - Come in! Come into the house! (w. R.)

With a further very polite command form the word ye is used for the male and female manner of speaking.

There is still another command form, which is very often used by women and it with ná formed.

Example;

Ómakiya ná! - Help me (ask)! (w. R.)

A Imperativform, in that the speaker also includes itself in the Lakotasprache with “KTAs” is together set.

[...]

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