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12.7 the conjugation of the verbs:
The German verb “its” (is, are, are, are, are, become, was) has different meaning and application type. In the Lakotasprache are there for it different words. They must “be careful” into the Lakotasprache the different words with the application of the German Verbes to learn. In the German language this verb has different functions. But in the Lakotasprache these different functions of this verb are differentiated by unequal words.
We begin with an overview of the different grammatical tasks of the Verbes “its”. A function of the Verbes “its” in the German language is mentioned the connection with stands a verb, an adjective or a characteristic word. One says: “It is coldly today.” or “your nut/mother is young.” or “I am ill.” or “I become eighteen.”. In the Lakotasprache is there no equivalent for all these forms of the Verbes “its”.
Another task of the Verbes “its” in the German language is the function than auxiliary verb in connection with another verb (Tätigkeitswort), also participle mentioned, which longer time persists in sentences how: “I am busy. ”, “you drove. ”, “Peter had run. ”, “the fire expired.” or “we had disappeared.”. [...]
The third function of the Verbes “its” is the localization, thus where a person or a thing is. “It is in the house. ”, “you were on the table.” etc. In the Lakotasprache are there for it several possibilities. (See chapter 12.2.2.1 verbs of the localization)
In German the verb is also used “to be”, in order to describe different kinds of the existence. In the Lakotasprache different verbs with such meaning are used.
Two important verbs, which both in connection with animated and dead subjects it are used express clearly that the subject is something.
The verb Iyé means “something determining its”. This concerns stand a verb. This Tätigkeitswort is at the same time Iv-inherits. If there is no prefix with the conjugation, the I (and the following y) is omitted.
| miyé | I am that. I am that. I am it. (Telephone call) |
| niyé | You are that. You are that. |
| (Hé) é. | It is that. It is that. |
| [...] | We (you and I) are those. |
| [...] | We are those. |
| Niyé pi. | You are those. |
| (Hená) é pi. | They are those. |
Here are some examples of the use of Iyé:
| Tuwá hí he? miyé | Who arrived here? (w. R.) I is that. |
| Hé Robert é. | That is Robert. He is Robert. |
| Lé é he? | Is it that here? Is it that here? Is it that here? (w. R.) |
It is to be particularly made certain that there is a closely related verb, which a similar meaning has: to determine, that its decide iyé “that its to determine that its that its to decide”. The conjugation form of this stands verb is the same one as with Iyé, with the exception that 3. Person Singular iyé and 3. Person Plural iyé pi is. Anyhow can miyé several meanings have: “I am that. ”, “I am to be determined that. ”, “I am that. ”, “I am to be determined that. ”, “it depends on me.” and “it is because of me”. The same meanings are possible for all conjugation forms with personnel syllables.
[...]
The summary: Iyé and iyé refer to a certain person or thing. [...]
There is still another another category of the existence to the Lakotasprache, which are used for things, those in close relationship with the body, used and for needs of the daily life stands. [...] The verbs are used, in order to describe the special kind of the Seins in the Lakotasprache. These verbs must often be translated in German as have.
Summary of the Lakotaverben with the meaning “its”
I localization
A. Animated subjects
| 1. [...] | general localization |
| 2. [...] | stand, standing its |
| 3. [...] | sit, sitting its |
| 4. [...] | lie, lying its |
| B. Dead subjects | |
| 1. [...] | Localization in an area container |
| 2. [...] | in upright position its |
| 3. [...] | squat, kauern, lie |
| 4. [...] | long things lie |
| 5. hiyéya | are here and there |
| II. Existence | |
| 1. Iyé | A certain or specific individual its,… its,… its |
| 2. [...] | A member of a certain class its,… its, one… its |
| III. Existence possession | |
| 1. [...] | Existence of something in relationship with someone |
| 2. [...] | Nichtexistenz of something in relationship with someone |
In the Lakotasprache are there three different verbs for eat. Those are: thebyá, wóta, yúta.
The verb thebyá is a regular transitives active Tätigkeitswort: thebwáye, [...]. This verb was up-eaten used, if somewhat completely consumes, thus: [...]
The verb wóta is irregular. Learn the following conjugation forms:
| wawáte | I eat… |
| wayáte | You eats… |
| (Hé) wóte. | He eats… |
| Wayáta pi. | You eat… |
| (Hená) wóta pi. | They eat… |
This verb used, if we eat the word in German only, thus without object to use. Thus does one say haste you on Lakota “eaten?” Wayáta he?. Actually contain the verb wóta an object, and therefore it could eat with “something” to be translated.
The verb yúta is used, if an object is mentioned like in the following sentence: Bló wáte. “I eat potatoes.”. Yúta is conjugated also irregularly. Learn the following conjugation:
| wáte | I eat it. |
| yáte | You eats it. |
| (Hé) yúte. | He eats it. |
| Yáta pi. | You eat it. |
| (Hená) yúta pi. | They eat it. |
Note please that yúta and thebyá in the same way are used. They are mostly exchangeable with the exception, if the meal is terminated, and/or if something were up-eaten, must be used thebyá. Remember please that thebyá and yúta with a mentioned object one uses, while one uses wóta, if no object is mentioned.
13. The duplication (Reduplication)
Duplications are such words how:
| waštéšte | well its |
| líglila | extremely, very, very much, extremely |
Each of these words contains two identical or nearly similar syllables next to each other. This copy or repetition of a syllable next to each other is a remarkable characteristic of the Lakotasprache. This process is called duplication (Reduplication).
Theoretically each Lakotawort may be doubled. The repetition is actually used often to invent new words in order to add the daily linguistic usage expression strength.
The duplication of a simple word has usually one of three meanings:
1. Expression is arranged for a larger number.
| Takúku luhá he? | What have do you everything? (w. R.) |
That is to be expressed the only possibility into the Lakotasprache the majority of dead things without the use of numbers and words like much and several.
2. The distribution and allocation in an area, a place and a place and/or repetition are pointed out.
| Hélhel égnaka pi. | They put it here and there. (Collective) |
| Hená númnupa ahí. | They arrived here in pairs. (Collective) |
3. More or less intensively as the not doubled word:
| Líglila wóta pi. | They eat very much. |
The duplication can have also still different meanings, which are to be arranged with difficulty in a category. For this the following examples:
| Wóglaglaka pi. | It plaudern. They chat. |
| wóglaka | converse |
| Thíthi pi la ke. | They live simply in some way. |
| thí | live, stay, live |
| Hé lakhólkhota. | It accepted a indianische way. (By a non--Indian one reports.) |
| lakhóta | Indian |
The duplication in the Lakotasprache shows some difficulties in the style and in the meaning. It is usually not predictable, which is shown syllable. That can by examples by numbers is made visible.
| yámnimni | too third successively |
| tóbtopa | too fourth successively |
The duplication is at the end of “three”, at the beginning of “four” and in the center of “nine”.
These examples show the arising changes with the duplication of Lakota words to another way.
One of these examples show the arising change with the duplication of Lakota words to another way. We determine, if tópa it is doubled that the letze Mitlaut of the word trunk p is replaced by b. At all word trunks, which end on p, t and k, this Mitlautwechsel takes place: p by b or m, t by l, k by G. for this gives it examples:
| tópa | four | tóbtopa | too fourth successively |
| núpa | two | númnupa | too secondly successively |
| kháta | hot | khalkháta | overheated |
In some cases Mitlaute are inserted in the duplication, which do not occur in the original word.
| líla | very much | líglila | very much, very much |
Some doubled words do not have an appropriate non-doubled word. An example of it is olúluta “sweats”.
If A-words at the end were doubled, the Mitlaut present on the conclusion does not change.
By the past descriptions we can recognize that the duplication is not a light thing for a not Lakota. There is many wide-spread examples of the style and meaning of doubled words, but in individual cases it is with difficulty predictable.
Considering this difficulty, it is the best to remember the doubled words in such a way in the connection as they are mentioned in the examples. With the time one learns the doubled words and can find out whether a non-doubled equivalent existed and which meaning has it. With progressive time and experience one begins a feeling f6uuml; to develop r the duplications, which us enables to use it just as creatively as the Lakota (Indian).
In a certain case the use of duplications cannot be avoided, if in a sentence the verb of “stands” and the subject are dead. There in the sentences only with animated Pluralsubstantiven (thing words in the majority) verbs with pi arise, with dead nouns of the Plural (majority) by duplication of the verbs are formed.
Here a list of the “stands” is verbs, which can be doubled and in connection with dead nouns (thing words) are used.
| Infinitive (basic form) | Duplication | Meaning |
| kháta | khalkháta | hot its |
| sápa | sabsápa | black its |
| ská | skaská | knows its |
| skúya | skuskúya | sweetly its |
| sní | snísni, snisní 1 | coldly its |
| wašté | waštéšte | well its |
| zí | zizí | yellow its |
1. snísni means “rather coldly its”; snisní means “cold things”
The duplication of the verb forms arises also in connection with animated objects. The function of the duplication in such cases is complicated. In some cases the meaning is different. In other cases the basis verb and the duplication have the same meaning. In still different cases one must double, because the simple verb does not express correctly, what is meant, even if it is pluralisiert by pi.
One must use the duplication mainly if with dead noun (thing word) in connection with “stands” a verb of the Plural (majority) is to be expressed. One may use the duplication in different cases with large width at meaning. The special sense of the duplication must zuammen with the meaning of the non doubled basis verb to be learned.
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