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Description of discussion:A = short Aá = long A é = long e í = long i ó = long o š = sch ú = long u z = be correctful s Please considers the female idioms (w. R.) and the male idioms (M.R.) in the Lakotasprache! |
The Lakota grammar
1. The adjectives - characteristic words
In the Lakotasprache are there the following color terms:
| sápa | black its |
| ská | knows its |
| zí | palely its, yellow its |
Other basic colour designations are:
| šá | red its |
| thó | blue its, green its |
In the Lakotasprache and in other languages, for example English, gives it different views over it, which word for which accurate colour is used.
The Lakota divides the colors, which “white” in English as (German: white) to be designated, in two different groups. Ská means a clear, bright white.
In English and in German there are two terms for the Lakotawort thó: “blue its” and “green its”. In order to describe these hues more exactly in the Lakotasprache, we must designate it similarly as in German. For example: sky-blue, grass-green or snow-white.
2. The adverb - the circumstance word
Adverbs can be into the Lakotasprache a unmarried word, in addition, longer idioms, which are called parts of a sentence. Adverbielle idioms are very often formed for a direct adverb (circumstance word) and a post office position by a noun (thing word) or. Circumstance words describe an action more near: when has itself somewhat occurred, where it took place, as became it done.
The position of the adverb in the sentence: The circumstance word stands in the Lakotasprache directly before the verb or at the start of record. If several adverbs in the sentence are used, the arrangement is freely selectable.
[...]
There are thus circumstance words (adverbs) the time, the place and the way.
Adverbs of the way:
| líla | very much |
Adverbs of the place
| hél | there, there |
| isákhib | beside |
| kákhiya | there over there, there in the direction |
| ká | that there over there, that there over there, those there over there (sing., refers to things and/or nouns with a distance of about 182.88 cm up to range of vision.) |
| lél | here |
| tókhiya | Where…? Where…? From where…? To which place…? |
| tuktél | Where…? |
| tókhiya | Where…? Where…? From where…? To which place…? |
| tuktél | Where…? |
| tukté él | On which place…? On which special place…? On which determined place…? Where…? Where about…? Where approximately…? From where…? Where…? To which place…? |
Example:
| Kákhiya mní kte. | I will go there into the direction. |
Another possibility into the Lakotasprache adverbielle idioms to form exists in the addition of a following relationship word, to a noun or a Pronomen (Fürwort).
In latin these relationship words are called prepositions. Such prepositions are in German words how: , beside, up, down, along etc. the prefix “prä” originates from latin and means in German “forwards”.
In the Lakotasprache is not correctly applicable latin term “preposition”. The relationship words cannot be called in the Lakotasprache therefore prepositions, since they are inserted after the noun or Pronomen, so that they are called Latin Postposition/en.
The following words are post office positions:
| aglágla | along, beside |
| ektá | in (the word is used, if the speaker is distant from the place.), after, to that |
| él | in, too (the word is used, if the speaker at the place is) |
| isákhib | beside |
| ogná | in, in that |
Post office positions can be used also without noun or Pronomen. Thereby a post office-positional Idiom (idiom) concerns, which is used as adverb (circumstance word).
[...]
Sometimes post office positions and the word, which are more near determined, are joined as a word. If happens, we have no more idiom, but the adverb consists of a “singing l-word”.
[...]
The education of an adverb (singing l-word) from a post office-positional idiom is one of the most difficult ranges in the Lakota grammar, because only some connections between a noun (thing word) and a post office position are shortened. They should not try to manufacture in the Lakotasprache themselves, such word connections!
It is better to listen and watch out, which of such word connections gives it in the Lakotasprache, so that your discussion will sound very natural.
[...]
Adverbs of the time:
| thokéya | first of all, too all only, first |
| waná | already, now, now straight |
[...]
| aglágla | along, beside |
| akhé | again |
| ehákela | later |
| isákhib | beside |
| líglila | extremely, very, very much, extremely |
| ogná | in, in that |
| tákuwe | Why…? |
| thimá | in the house, inside |
| thokéya | as first, as the first, as the first, in the first place, at the first place, best, best, best, first, first of all, first, first, too all only, first |
| waná | already, now, now straight |
The age indication takes place in the Lakotasprache not in years, but in winters. The question about the age indication is Waníyetu tóna he? Literally translates: How does much winter have…? [...] (w. R.) with two digit numbers always stands the syllable for the Personalpronomen (Fürwort) before the second number.
[...]
With numbers, which are larger than ten, the word is always used aké. This word contains at the same time the syllable for the Personalpronomen. With the Pluralbildung, the word pi always stands after the last number.
The age indication from dead things take place without Pronomen and without pi.
If someone is younger than one year, the word becomes wí (German: Month) uses.
Examples:
| Waníyetu nitóna pi he? | How much winter have you? How old are you? (w. R.) |
[...]
[...]
There is two kinds of sentences, the true declarative sentence and the hypothetical declarative sentence.
True declarative sentences describe things, which are material. True events or occurrences are such, which happen in the present or took place in the past. True declarative sentences are such, those in the mental reality of the speaker are present and/or also future material occurrences.
Hypothetical declarative sentences describe things and events, which really exist or not for the speaker true and/or correct are. Instructions and questions are sets of such kind. Frequently hypothetical sentences contain the word KTA, the verbs olé (search) and lá (ask).
The application of the indefinite articles depends on whether a statement is true or hypothetical. Negative declarative sentences, which contain the word šni (no, not), have another indefinite article.
| truely | hypothetically | negatively | |
| Singular | [...] (, one) | [...] (, one) | [...] (not, not, no, none, none) |
| Plural, animates | |||
| Humans: | eyá (some) | [...] (some) | tuweni (none) |
| other organisms: | eyá (some) | [...] (some) | tákuni (none) |
| dead | eyá (something, some) | [...] (something, some) | tákuni (none) |
Examples:
Protects declarative sentences, Singular (singular):
[...]
Protects declarative sentences, Plural (majority):
| Lakhóta eyá ípuza pi. | Some Lakota (Indians) are thirsty. |
| Mázaská eyá bluhá. | I have something money. |
| Hé mázaská eyá iyéwaye. | I found something money. |
| Lakhóta eyá ahíyaye. | Some Lakota (Indians) passed. |
Hypothetical declarative sentences, Singular (singular):
[...]
Hypothetical declarative sentences, Plural (majority):
[...]
Negative declarative sentences, Singular (singular):
[...]
Negative declarative sentences, Plural (majority):
| Lél Oglála tuwéni thí pi šni. | No Oglala (Indian) lives here. |
| Lakhóta tuwéni. | (Here) is no Lakota (Indian). |
| Mázaská täkuni luhá šni he? | Don't you have money? (w. R.) |
| Wówapi tákuni iyéyaye šni he? | You do not find Bü: more cher? (w. R.) |
The confirmation words at the end of the statement set for the male idioms are yeló and weló. If the preceding word ends with u or o, weló one uses. One can translate these confirmation words with the word “really” or “actually”, if one liked itself to stamp, what a statement set is.
If the word pi stands before the confirmation word yelo, it is built up too pelo.
The female confirmation word is kištó. In the fast speech kštó one uses briefly.
Examples:
| Hená ípuza pi yeló. | They are really thirsty. (M.R.) |
| Hená wašté pi yeló. | They are really good. (M.R.) |
| Hená zí pi yeló. | They are really pale. (M.R.) |
| Líla waštéšte yeló. | They are really very good. (M.R.) |
| Hená ípuza peló. | They are really thirsty. (M.R.) |
| Hená wašté peló. | They are really good. (M.R.) |
| Hená zí peló. | They are really pale. (M.R.) |
| MA líla olúluta kištó. | Humans, it are really very stifling. (w. R.) |
| Nizí pi kištó. | You are really pale. (w. R.) |
| Thibló, hé mitháwa kištó. | Older brother, it is really mine. (w. R.) |
| Wahí kištó. | Here I am real (arrived). (w. R.) |
| MA líla olúluta kštó. | Humans, it are really very stifling. (w. R.) |
| Nizí pi kštó. | You are really pale. (w. R.) |
| Thibló, hé mitháwa kštó. | Older brother, it is really mine. (w. R.) |
| Wahí kštó. | Here I am real (arrived). (w. R.) |
[...]
The question word he for the female idiom and the word huwó in the male manner of speaking always stands at the end sentence.
If the he Pluralwort pi stands before the question word, often bhe is spoken.
The question words in the Lakotasprache mostly begin with t. As in German the question words with w begin like e.g.: who, which, when, where, why, whose can mean etc. these T-words in the Lakotasprache in addition, someone, something, somehow, somewhere etc.
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