|
|
|
{Page 45}
Anthony J. Stancampiano1 and William Caire
Department of Biology, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, OK 73034
Received: 1994 May 26; Revised: 1995 Feb 14
| Introduction | Methods | Results | Discussion | References | Top of Page | Table of Contents | Home |
Food habits of three sympatric species of Peromyscus (P. attwateri, P. leucopus, P. maniculatus) and Reithrodontomys fulvescens were studied in the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in Comanche County, Oklahoma, from March through October 1988, to determine if significant dietary overlap occurred among these species. Stomach contents were examined and identified microscopically. Coefficients of total dietary overlap between species of Peromyscus were all significant. Dietary overlap coefficients between the three species of Peromyscus and Reithrodontomys were not significant. Diets of P. attwateri, P. leucopus and P. maniculatus consisted of 45.8%, 41.7% and 50% plant matter and 54.2%, 58.3% and 50% animal matter, respectively. The diet of P. fulvescens consisted of 40% plant matter and 60% animal matter. Due to the extent of dietary overlap among species of Peromyscus, competition for food resources does not appear to be intense during the study period.
| Introduction | Methods | Results | Discussion | References | Top of Page | Table of Contents | Home |
Many studies of the trophic relations among small mammals have been conducted in the last three decades and many have focused on microtine rodents (1, 2). The few recent studies on non-microtine rodent food habits have been geographically scattered (3-8). In these studies, food items of individual species were listed, but few compared the extent of dietary overlap among members of a genus in a particular community (e.g., 3-5). This study examined the degree of dietary overlap (9) in food habits of Peromyscus attwateri, P. leucopus, P. maniculatus and Reithrodontomys fulvescens in the Special Use Area of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in Comanche County, Oklahoma. This area consists of low, rounded granite mountains permeated by mixed-grass plains biota. Mesophytic forests border streams and a xeric forest composed mostly of blackjack oak (Quereus marilandiea) and post oak (Q. stellata) occur on lower granite hills (10).
| Introduction | Methods | Results | Discussion | References | Top of Page | Table of Contents | Home |
Two parallel trap lines, 20 m apart, were used at three different sites. Each trap line had 40 stations (10 m apart) consisting of two traps, one Museum Special and one McGill snap trap. Trapping took place from March through October. This period was divided into a wet sampling period, from March to June, (SP1) and a dry sampling period, from July to October (SP2). Trapped specimens were placed on ice in the field and frozen as soon as possible. Stomachs were removed in the lab and preserved in F.A.A. solution (100 ml 40% formaldehyde, 5 ml 70% ethanol, and 5 ml glacial acetic acid). Stomach contents were emptied onto filter paper, vacuum filtered, and physically homogenized by stirring. For each animal, two samples were removed, mounted on separate microscope slides, stained with hematoxylin, and used for analysis of stomach contents. Twenty randomly selected fields (ten on each slide) were examined microscopically at 40X and 100X to identify food items. A binocular dissecting scope (15X) was used to qualitatively identify other dietary items on the filter paper. Fields containing no food items were not counted. A coefficient of dietary overlap (9) and a diversity of food items (11, 12) were calculated. A t-test was used to test for differences between sampling period food item diversity values among species (13). Vegetation was sampled in May, August, and October. Vegetation at each site was sampled using quadrats (14). Quadrats for herbaceous plants (1 m2 at 10-m intervals) and woody plants (10 m2 at 50-m intervals) were placed along a transect contiguous with each trap line. Plant
{Page 46}
voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium at the University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma. Sample fragments from various parts of each plant species were mounted on microscope slides for use as a reference collection to aid in identifying stomach contents (15-17). Invertebrates were collected at each site using pitfall traps. Sample fragments from various parts of each invertebrate specimen were mounted on microscope slides for use as a reference collection.
| Introduction | Methods | Results | Discussion | References | Top of Page | Table of Contents | Home |
Forty-one P. attwateri, 28 P. maniculatus, 14 P. leucopus, and 10 R. fulvescens were captured. Twenty-two P. attwateri and 20 P. maniculatus were taken in SP1, but only five P. leucopus and six R. fulvescens were taken. In SP2, 19 P. attwateri were collected, but only nine P. leucopus, eight P. maniculatus, and four R. fulvescens were taken. Voucher specimens were deposited in the University of Central Oklahoma Collection of Vertebrates.
Twenty-four different food items were identified in the stomachs of P. attwateri (Table 1). Common plant food items in SP1 diets were acorns (Quercus sp.) and Johnson grass (Sorghum halapense), while centipedes (Chilopoda) were a common animal food. The most common plant and animal food items in SP2 were prickly pear cactus (Opuntia sp.), darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae), and seed bugs (Lygaeidae). Food item diversities for SP1 and SP2 diets of P. attwateri were 1.10 and 1.18, respectively. Overlap for SP1 and SP2 diets of P. attwateri was 0.53.
Twelve food taxa were identified in stomachs of P. leucopus (Table 1). Common foods in the SP1 diets were acorns, roundleaf bladderpod (Lesquerela ovalifolia), ground beetles (Carabidae), and water penny beetles (Psephenidae). In SP2, the most common food items were dropseed grass (Sporobolus sp.), ants (Formicidae), seed bugs, and darkling beetles. Food item diversities for SP1 and SP2 diets of P. leucopus were 0.54 and 0.93. The SP1 and SP2 dietary overlap coefficient was 0.06.
Twenty-four taxa were identified in the stomachs of P. maniculatus (Table 1). Common SP1 foods were acorns, Johnson grass, dropseed grass, and ants. The diet in SP2 consisted mainly of acorns, prickly pear cactus, and cockroaches (Blatellidae). Food item diversities for SP1 and SP2 diets of P. maniculatus were 1.29 and 0.80. The dietary overlap coefficient for SP1 and SP2 was 0.45.
Ten food taxa were identified in stomachs of R. fulvescens (Table 1). Common SP1 foods were bluestem grass (Andropogon sp.), Johnson grass, short-horned grasshoppers (Acrididae), lady bird beetles (Coccinelidae), and darkling beetles. The only SP2 plant food found was dropseed grass. Animal foods in SP2 included cockroaches, noctuid moths (Noctuidae), and roundworms (Nematoda). Food item diversities for SP1 and SP2 were 0.75 and 0.58. The dietary overlap coefficient for R. fulvescens was 0.0.
Of the 20 different insect families from six orders found in the stomach contents, 60% were Coleoptera; 20% Orthoptera; and 5% each Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Diptera. The Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Hymenoptera (Formicidae) are primarily ground dwelling insects, while the Lepidoptera and Diptera are flying insects. Ground dwelling beetles made up 90% of the insects taken and probably were easier for mice to capture than flying insects. Occurrence of nematodes in stomachs of some mice was due to either the ingestion of food items harboring these organisms or direct parasitism. Nevertheless, nematodes were included in the diet analysis. Soil matter was found in 7.6% of the stomachs but was not included in the analysis.
Food item diversity values were significantly different (P<0.05) for seasonal comparisons between all species except SP1 diets of P. leucopus and R. fulvescens, and SP2 diets of P. maniculatus and P. leucopus, and P. maniculatus and R. fulvescens. Combined SP1 and SP2 diets of all species, except P. maniculatus, included more animal matter than plant matter. The combined diet of P. maniculatus contained 50% animal matter and 50% plant matter.
| Introduction | Methods | Results | Discussion | References | Top of Page | Table of Contents | Home |
All four species of mice were captured in the same habitat. In some cases, P. leucopus and P. attwateri were caught at the same trapping station on the same night.
{Page 47}
Reithrodontomys fulvescens, P. attwateri, and P. maniculatus were trapped at consecutive trap stations on the same night. These rodents apparently use similar food resources. During the non-winter season, food resources were seemingly abundant and competition for food items was not intense. Total dietary overlap coefficients between species of Peromyscus were all significant [a coefficient of 0.60 or greater is significant; however, this should not be construed as statistical significance (9)] and probably are reliable indicators of the extent of dietary overlap. Insignificant
{Page 48}
seasonal coefficients of dietary overlap may be due to low numbers of individuals taken in a season. The only significant seasonal coefficients of dietary overlap were between P. attwateri and P. maniculatus in SP1 (0.64) and P. attwateri and P. leucopus in SP2 (0.70). Dietary overlap coefficients between the three species of Peromyscus and Reithrodontomys were not significant and may not have been a good indicator due to the low number (n = 10) of R. fulvescens captured.
Previous studies of food habits of P. leucopus and other Peromyscus species in New Mexico indicated animal and plant matter were consumed in relatively equal amounts over all four seasons (5). This study showed 41.7% of the SP1 and SP2 diets of P. leucopus was plant matter and 58.3% was animal matter. Alcoze (4) reported the diet of P. maniculatus in Texas consisted of 58% plant matter and 42% animal matter. O'Neill and Robel (7) found the diet of P. maniculatus in Kansas to be composed of 50.7% animal matter and 49.3% plant matter over all four seasons. The summer diet of P. maniculatus in northern Ontario was composed of over 65% animal matter (6), while P. maniculatus in Wyoming consumed mostly seeds in the summer (17). Peromyscus maniculatus in the Wichita Mountains had a diet that consisted of 50% plant matter and 50% animal matter. Food habits of P. attwateri have not been studied and appear to be similar to that of P. maniculatus and P. leucopus, consisting of 45.8% plant matter and 54.2% animal matter. The diet of R. fulvescens was composed of 40% plant matter and 60% animal matter.
During both sampling periods, insects probably were plentiful and not difficult to locate and capture. Although not sampled, winter diets would be expected to differ from non-winter diets. Winter diets probably would consist mainly of seeds and dried plant matter due to the scarcity of green plant material and insects.
This study examined the food habits of four sympatric species of mice in the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge. Three sympatric species of Peromyscus had a significant overlap in diets. None of the Peromyscus diets significantly overlapped with the SP1 and SP2 diets of R. fulvescens. Diets consisted of 50-60% animal matter and 40-50% plant matter. The majority of animal and plant matter ingested was from insects and grasses, respectively. Significant overlap of diets in the three species of Peromyscus suggested that competition for food resources may not be intense during the non-winter months.
This study was supported in part by a faculty research grant to W. Caire from the University of Central Oklahoma. We are grateful to the United States Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service and employees of the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge for the Special Use Permit that allowed us access to the study area.
| Introduction | Methods | Results | Discussion | References | Top of Page | Table of Contents | Home |
1. Bangs, E.E., Summer food habits of voles, Cleithrionomys rutilus and Microtus pennsylvanicus, on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Canadian Field Nat. 98, 489-492 (1984).
2. Lindroth, R.L., and Batzli, G.O., Food habits of the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) in bluegrass and prairie habitats. J. Mamm. 65, 600-606 (1984).
3. Zimmerman, E.G., A comparison of habitat and food use of two species of Microtus. J. Mamm. 46, 605-613 (1965).
4. Alcoze, T.M., Food habits and dietary overlap of four species of rodents from the mesquite plains of Texas. M. S. Thesis. North Texas State University, Denton, TX (1972).
5. Smartt, R.A., A comparison of ecological and morphological overlap in a Peromyscus community. Ecology 59, 216-220 (1978).
6. Martell, A.M., and MacAulay, A.L., Food habits of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) in northern Ontario. Canadian Field Nat. 95, 319-324 (1981).
7. O'Neill, D.H., and Robel, R.J., Food habits of Microtus, Peromyscus, and Blarina along Kansas roadsides: cause for caution in roadside contamination studies. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 88, 40-45 (1985).
8. Randolph, J.C., Cameron, G.N., and Wrazen, J.A., Dietary choice of a generalist grassland herbivore, Sigmodon hispidus. J. Mamm. 72, 300-311 (1991).
9. Zaret, T.M., and Rand, A.S., Compe-
{Page 49}
tition in tropical stream fishes for the competitive exclusion principle. Ecology 52, 336-342 (1971).
10. Caire, W., Tyler, J.D., Glass, B.P., and Mares, M.A., Mammals of Oklahoma, Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman, OK (1989), pp. 17-19.
11. Shannon, C.E., A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27, 379-423, 623-656 (1948).
12. Krebs, C. J., Ecological Methodology, HarperCollins Publishers, New York (1989), pp. 328-362.
13. Hutcheson, K., A test for comparing diversities based on the Shannon formula. J. Theor. Biol. 29, 151-154 (1970).
14. Goldsmith, F.B., Harrison, C.M., and Morton, A.J., Description and analysis of vegetation, in Methods in Plant Ecology (Moore, P.D. and Chapman, S.B., Eds.), The Alden Press, Osney Mead, Oxford (1986) pp. 437-524.
15. Baumgartner, L.L., and Martin, A.C., Plant histology as an aid in squirrel food-habit studies. J. Wildl. Manage. 3, 266-268 (1939).
16. Dusi, J.L., Methods for the determination of food habits by microtechniques and histology and their application to cottontail rabbit food habits. J. Wildl. Manage. 14, 295-298 (1949).
17. Hansson, L., Methods of morphological diet micro-analysis in rodents. Oikos 21, 255-266 (1970).
18. Williams, O., Food habits of the deer mouse. J. Mamm. 40, 415-419 (1959).
| Introduction | Methods | Results | Discussion | References | Top of Page | Table of Contents | Home |
